Carrier hazmat rules
Every carrier layers its own tariff on top of 49 CFR, the IATA DGR and the IMDG Code, and it is nearly always the carrier rule, not the regulation, that stops a parcel. USPS Publication 52 is a mailability standard, so material that is not mailable is not mailable at any price. UPS and FedEx will carry most classes, but only under an approved hazardous materials agreement. Amazon FBA runs a dangerous goods review per ASIN and can treat an item as dangerous even when transport does not.
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UPS
UPS Guide for Shipping Ground and Air Hazardous Materials
Regulated dangerous goods require an approved UPS hazardous materials agreement before the first shipment; an account without one will have the parcel refused at the hub.
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FedEx
FedEx Express and FedEx Ground hazardous materials shipping requirements
FedEx Express dangerous goods shipments require a FedEx-approved dangerous goods account and, for most classes, an account-specific approval.
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USPS
USPS Publication 52, Hazardous, Restricted, and Perishable Mail
Publication 52 is a mailability standard, not a carriage tariff: material that is not mailable is not mailable at any price, and there is no contract that changes it.
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Amazon FBA
Amazon Dangerous Goods Identification Guide and FBA dangerous goods programme
A dangerous goods ASIN cannot be sent to a fulfilment centre until Amazon has completed its own dangerous goods review of the safety data sheet or exemption sheet. Approval is per ASIN, not per seller.